Exclusion

Exclusion and more specifically social exclusion stems from the denial of recognition on the part of a group of people of ‘the other or others’ exactly due do his/her alterity. In this sense the ‘the other’ is excluded from the functions of a community or group and therefore does not substantially enjoy the same rights and does not have the same opportunities as the people who are included in the group. 

Exclusion is an ideological principle that is internalized in the belief and value systems of people and is performed through their acts, judgements and attitudes. In this sense we can speak of an exclusionary mentality. 

Exclusion in other words is practiced and mostly threatens those who are divergent from a dominant moral, cultural, ethnic, gender attributing role or even economic paradigm as they are in an inferior power position towards the excluding community. Therefore the ‘divergent other(s)’ are the ones who are most vulnerable to suffer the consequences of exclusion.

Exclusionary practices can occur at any social level. On the micro level e.g. on the level of everyday social interaction or in a classroom, on the meso-level e.g. a school or any institution and on the macro level were the state legally excludes certain groups from its function, the most prominent example being the apartheid racial laws in South Africa that lasted until 1991(1).

The excluded other has always been socially and historically determined. For example, in classical Greece the ‘polis’ was inclusive towards its citizens but rigidly exclusionary to slaves, foreigners and women. The medieval city expelled the lepers mentally ill (2) and persecuted people and groups with different religious beliefs. Even in modern times we have the example of the USA racial segregation laws that were in force in the southern states until the introduction of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 (3).

1.  On the macro level exclusion quite often occurs in ‘closed’ societies that distinguish themselves through their adherence to a rigid code of values that provide the groundwork for its strong identity characteristics (e.g. a community of white Christians) that are perceived as immutable through time.
2. Foucault, M (2006) History of Madness  (Routledge, London)
3. Το be precise the abolition started in 1948 and was completed in 1968 through a series of legislative interventions and court decisions in that direction. Nonetheless, the milestone is the introduction of the civil rights act in 1964

Exclusion

Exclusion and more specifically social exclusion stems from the denial of recognition on the part of a group of people of ‘the other or others’ exactly due do his/her alterity. In this sense the ‘the other’ is excluded from the functions of a community or group and therefore does not substantially enjoy the same rights and does not have the same opportunities as the people who are included in the group. 

Exclusion is an ideological principle that is internalized in the belief and value systems of people and is performed through their acts, judgements and attitudes. In this sense we can speak of an exclusionary mentality. 

Exclusion in other words is practiced and mostly threatens those who are divergent from a dominant moral, cultural, ethnic, gender attributing role or even economic paradigm as they are in an inferior power position towards the excluding community. Therefore the ‘divergent other(s)’ are the ones who are most vulnerable to suffer the consequences of exclusion.

Exclusionary practices can occur at any social level. On the micro level e.g. on the level of everyday social interaction or in a classroom, on the meso-level e.g. a school or any institution and on the macro level were the state legally excludes certain groups from its function, the most prominent example being the apartheid racial laws in South Africa that lasted until 1991(1).

The excluded other has always been socially and historically determined. For example, in classical Greece the ‘polis’ was inclusive towards its citizens but rigidly exclusionary to slaves, foreigners and women. The medieval city expelled the lepers mentally ill (2) and persecuted people and groups with different religious beliefs. Even in modern times we have the example of the USA racial segregation laws that were in force in the southern states until the introduction of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 (3).

1.  On the macro level exclusion quite often occurs in ‘closed’ societies that distinguish themselves through their adherence to a rigid code of values that provide the groundwork for its strong identity characteristics (e.g. a community of white Christians) that are perceived as immutable through time.
2. Foucault, M (2006) History of Madness  (Routledge, London)
3. Το be precise the abolition started in 1948 and was completed in 1968 through a series of legislative interventions and court decisions in that direction. Nonetheless, the milestone is the introduction of the civil rights act in 1964

Exclusion

Exclusion and more specifically social exclusion stems from the denial of recognition on the part of a group of people of ‘the other or others’ exactly due do his/her alterity. In this sense the ‘the other’ is excluded from the functions of a community or group and therefore does not substantially enjoy the same rights and does not have the same opportunities as the people who are included in the group. 

Exclusion is an ideological principle that is internalized in the belief and value systems of people and is performed through their acts, judgements and attitudes. In this sense we can speak of an exclusionary mentality. 

Exclusion in other words is practiced and mostly threatens those who are divergent from a dominant moral, cultural, ethnic, gender attributing role or even economic paradigm as they are in an inferior power position towards the excluding community. Therefore the ‘divergent other(s)’ are the ones who are most vulnerable to suffer the consequences of exclusion.

Exclusionary practices can occur at any social level. On the micro level e.g. on the level of everyday social interaction or in a classroom, on the meso-level e.g. a school or any institution and on the macro level were the state legally excludes certain groups from its function, the most prominent example being the apartheid racial laws in South Africa that lasted until 1991(1).

The excluded other has always been socially and historically determined. For example, in classical Greece the ‘polis’ was inclusive towards its citizens but rigidly exclusionary to slaves, foreigners and women. The medieval city expelled the lepers mentally ill (2) and persecuted people and groups with different religious beliefs. Even in modern times we have the example of the USA racial segregation laws that were in force in the southern states until the introduction of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 (3).

1.  On the macro level exclusion quite often occurs in ‘closed’ societies that distinguish themselves through their adherence to a rigid code of values that provide the groundwork for its strong identity characteristics (e.g. a community of white Christians) that are perceived as immutable through time.
2. Foucault, M (2006) History of Madness  (Routledge, London)
3. Το be precise the abolition started in 1948 and was completed in 1968 through a series of legislative interventions and court decisions in that direction. Nonetheless, the milestone is the introduction of the civil rights act in 1964

Exclusion

Exclusion and more specifically social exclusion stems from the denial of recognition on the part of a group of people of ‘the other or others’ exactly due do his/her alterity. In this sense the ‘the other’ is excluded from the functions of a community or group and therefore does not substantially enjoy the same rights and does not have the same opportunities as the people who are included in the group. 

Exclusion is an ideological principle that is internalized in the belief and value systems of people and is performed through their acts, judgements and attitudes. In this sense we can speak of an exclusionary mentality. 

Exclusion in other words is practiced and mostly threatens those who are divergent from a dominant moral, cultural, ethnic, gender attributing role or even economic paradigm as they are in an inferior power position towards the excluding community. Therefore the ‘divergent other(s)’ are the ones who are most vulnerable to suffer the consequences of exclusion.

Exclusionary practices can occur at any social level. On the micro level e.g. on the level of everyday social interaction or in a classroom, on the meso-level e.g. a school or any institution and on the macro level were the state legally excludes certain groups from its function, the most prominent example being the apartheid racial laws in South Africa that lasted until 1991(1).

The excluded other has always been socially and historically determined. For example, in classical Greece the ‘polis’ was inclusive towards its citizens but rigidly exclusionary to slaves, foreigners and women. The medieval city expelled the lepers mentally ill (2) and persecuted people and groups with different religious beliefs. Even in modern times we have the example of the USA racial segregation laws that were in force in the southern states until the introduction of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 (3).

1.  On the macro level exclusion quite often occurs in ‘closed’ societies that distinguish themselves through their adherence to a rigid code of values that provide the groundwork for its strong identity characteristics (e.g. a community of white Christians) that are perceived as immutable through time.
2. Foucault, M (2006) History of Madness  (Routledge, London)
3. Το be precise the abolition started in 1948 and was completed in 1968 through a series of legislative interventions and court decisions in that direction. Nonetheless, the milestone is the introduction of the civil rights act in 1964

Αποκλεισμός

Η έννοια του αποκλεισμού και πιο συγκεκριμένα η έννοια του κοινωνικού αποκλεισμού εκπηγάζει από την άρνηση αναγνώρισης από μια ομάδα ατόμων του «άλλου ή άλλων», ακριβώς λόγω της ετερότητάς του/της. Κατ’ αυτόν το τρόπο «ο άλλος» αποκλείεται από τις λειτουργίες μας κοινότητας ή ομάδας και συνεπώς δεν απολαμβάνει ουσιαστικά τα ίδια δικαιώματα και δεν έχει τις ίδιες ευκαιρίες όπως τα υπόλοιπα άτομα της κοινότητας/ομάδας.

Η έννοια του αποκλεισμού είναι κατά βάση μια ιδεολογική αρχή η οποία εσωτερικεύεται στο σύστημα πεποιθήσεων και αξιών των ανθρώπων και «εκτελείται» μέσω των πράξεων, κρίσεων και συμπεριφορών τους. Υπό αυτή την έννοα μπορούμε να μιλήσουμε για την ύπαρξη νοοτροπίας αποκλεισμού.

Με άλλα λόγια ο αποκλεισμός είναι μια πρακτική που απειλεί κυρίως αυτούς που αποκλίνουν από ένα κυρίαρχο ηθικό, πολιτιστικό, εθνοτικό, έμφυλο ή ακόμα και οικονομικό παράδειγμα καθώς βρίσκονται σε μειονεκτική θέση απέναντι στην κοινότητα/ομάδα που τους αποκλείει. Συνεπώς, «ο αποκλίνων άλλος/οι» είναι αυτός που είναι πιο ευάλωτος στο να υποστεί τις συνέπειες του αποκλεισμού.

Πρακτικές αποκλεισμού μπορεί να λάβουν χώρα σε οποιοδήποτε κοινωνικό επίπεδο. Στο μικροεπίπεδο δηλαδή στο επίπεδο της καθημερινής πράξης όπως π.χ. σε μια σχολική τάξη, στο μεσοεπίπεδο όπως π.χ. σε ένα σχολείο ή οποιοδήποτε άλλο θεσμικό όργανο ή στο μακροεπίπεδο όπου το  κράτος θεσμικά αποκλείει κάποιες ομάδες από το πεδίο προστασίας του, με το πιο χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα να αποτελούν οι νόμοι του απαρτχάιντ στη Νότιο Αφρική οι οποίοι ίσχυσαν από το 1948 έως το 1991.[i]

Ο αποκλεισμένος άλλος είναι πάντοτε κοινωνικά και ιστορικά προσδιορισμένος. Για παράδειγμα, η αρχαία ελληνική πόλις ήταν συμπεριληπτική ως προς τους πολίτες της αλλά απέκλειε άκαμπτα  τους δούλους, τους ξένους και τις γυναίκες. Η μεσαιωνική πόλη απέβαλλε τους λεπρούς, τους ψυχικά άρρωστους[ii] και αυτούς με διαφορετικές θρησκευτικές αντιλήψεις. Ακόμα και στη σύγχρονη εποχή έχουμε τους το παράδειγμα των νόμων φυλετικού διαχωρισμού στις ΗΠΑ  η οποίοι ήταν σε ισχύ μέχρι την εισαγωγή του νόμου για τα πολιτικά δικαιώματα το 1964.[iii]

[i] Στο μακροεπίπεδο ο αποκλεισμός συχνά λαμβάνει χώρα σε κλειστές κοινωνίες οι οποίες διαχωρίζουν τον εαυτό τους μέσω της τήρησης ενός άκαμπτου κώδικα αξιών οι οποίες παρέχουν το θεμέλιο για τα έντονα ταυτοτικά τους χαρακτηριστικά, τα οποία αντιλαμβάνονται ως αναλλοίωτα στο χρόνο.

[ii] Δες σχετικά Φουκώ, Μ. (2004) Η Ιστορία της Τρέλας (Ηριδανός, Αθήνα)

[iii] Για να είμαστε ακριβείς η κατάργηση ξεκίνησε το 1948 και ολοκληρώθηκε 1968 μέσω μιας σειράς νομοθετικών πρωτοβουλιών και δικαστικών αποφάσεων. Ωστόσο, το ορόσημο ήταν η εισαγωγή του νόμου για το πολιτικά δικαιώματα το 1964.

Exclusion

Exclusion and more specifically social exclusion stems from the denial of recognition on the part of a group of people of ‘the other or others’ exactly due do his/her alterity. In this sense the ‘the other’ is excluded from the functions of a community or group and therefore does not substantially enjoy the same rights and does not have the same opportunities as the people who are included in the group. 

Exclusion is an ideological principle that is internalized in the belief and value systems of people and is performed through their acts, judgements and attitudes. In this sense we can speak of an exclusionary mentality. 

Exclusion in other words is practiced and mostly threatens those who are divergent from a dominant moral, cultural, ethnic, gender attributing role or even economic paradigm as they are in an inferior power position towards the excluding community. Therefore the ‘divergent other(s)’ are the ones who are most vulnerable to suffer the consequences of exclusion.

Exclusionary practices can occur at any social level. On the micro level e.g. on the level of everyday social interaction or in a classroom, on the meso-level e.g. a school or any institution and on the macro level were the state legally excludes certain groups from its function, the most prominent example being the apartheid racial laws in South Africa that lasted until 1991(1).

The excluded other has always been socially and historically determined. For example, in classical Greece the ‘polis’ was inclusive towards its citizens but rigidly exclusionary to slaves, foreigners and women. The medieval city expelled the lepers mentally ill (2) and persecuted people and groups with different religious beliefs. Even in modern times we have the example of the USA racial segregation laws that were in force in the southern states until the introduction of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 (3).

1.  On the macro level exclusion quite often occurs in ‘closed’ societies that distinguish themselves through their adherence to a rigid code of values that provide the groundwork for its strong identity characteristics (e.g. a community of white Christians) that are perceived as immutable through time.
2. Foucault, M (2006) History of Madness  (Routledge, London)
3. Το be precise the abolition started in 1948 and was completed in 1968 through a series of legislative interventions and court decisions in that direction. Nonetheless, the milestone is the introduction of the civil rights act in 1964